Impact of human capital on financial performance of the insurance companies in Pakistan; State life efu. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2104 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Topic: Impact of human capital on financial performance of the insurance companies in Pakistan; State life efu. Abstract Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of human capital on financial performance of the insurance companies in Pakistan; State life efu." essay for you Create order The focus of this study is to examine the significance of the human capital on the financial performance of the insurance sectors in Pakistan. The back bone of this study is the secondary data comprised financial statement of insuranceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s companies and literature review. The result will show the human capital effect will have a positive impact on the insurance companies. This paper will proceed as follows. The first section will cover the literature review on insurance company. Afterwards conceptual framework will be presented on the basis of conceptual framework and its constructs propositions will be covered. Finally discussion and significance of this study in practical and academic perspective will be presented. Keyword: Human capital (Independent variable), financial performance (Dependent variable). Literature review: In the most recent research suggest that human capital refers to the human capabilities, education, experience and skills and particularly the characteristics of top managers affect firm outcomes. (Finkelstein Hambrick, 1996;Huselid, 1995;Pennings et al., 1998;Wright, Smart, McMahon, 1995). Investment in human capital is widely believed to improve the performance of employees. [Arthur, 1994; Bishop 1994; Boselie, Paauwe and Jansen, 2001; Gelderblom and de konting, 1996; Huselid, 1995; MacDuffie, 1995]. Many researchers have tried to explain the importance of human capital in various industry sectors. The empirical literature expose that human capital is one of the important and valuable strategic assets. (Hayton, 2005). The internal structure capital contains innovation generated by the research and development teams, policies and internal environment etc. (Guthrie Petty, 2000). Human capital is very important which creates values for the organization. (Royal and Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Donnell,2008). The companies which have well and efficient stock of human capital have competitive advantage and these companies may have better capability to make strategic decision in turbulent business environment. Many multinational companies (MNCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s) has huge budget on employees in the form of professional training and workers compensation benefits to enhance the intellectual abilities. Furthermore, many firms have failed to invest on employees for enhancing the motivation and loyalty of workers which put their success and survival at risk. [De Pablos (2003)] Human capital has one of the import components of intellectual capital for raising the efficiency and effectiveness of employees. (De Pablos, 2003). Although human capital has many positive benefits, it represents costs to firms as well. For example, the value of graduates from the top institutions in the external labor market is likely high, particularly shortly after their graduations (Bierman Gely, 1995). Partners own the most human capital in a firm and have the largest stakes in using the firms resources to the greatest advantage. One of the responsibilities of partners is to help develop the knowledge of other employees of the firm, particularly its associates. For example, associates at law firms need to learn internal routines, the idiosyncrasies of important clients, nuances in the application of law, and more. Building associates knowledge necessitates that partners leverage their own knowledge, particularly their tacit knowledge (Baron Kreps, 1999). Tacit knowledge is revealed through its application and can only be acquired through its practice (Grant, 1996). Thus, transferring tacit ability is a slow and complicated process (Teece et al., 1997) that entails using the knowledge (Lei, Hitt, Bettis, 1996). Another researcher has said that human capital has positive relationship with firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance. Companies which have better human capital efficiency have better financial performance. (Bontis et al. 2000). According to the resources, performance difference across firms can be attributed to the variance in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources and capabilities. Resources are very valuable, unique and difficult to imitate can show the basis for firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive advantage. (Amit Schoemaker, 1993; Barney, 1991). It is the human capabilities which increases or decreases the organizational performance especially the financial performance of the organizations. Leadership has an effect on the financial performance and the climate of the organizations (Bas A. S. Koene, Ad L. W. Vogelaar and Joseph L. Soeters (2002)). Severeral studies also have been conducted to measure the performance of the insurance compnies. For instance; Sloan, A and Conover, J.(1998) collected that operational status of insurers do not reflex the profitability of being insured but public coverage have little bit impact on profitability of insurance companies. In addition, insurance companies must have to diversify their investment and use effective hedging techniques which help them to create better financial revenues. In turn, these competing advantages produce positive returns (Peteraf, 1993). Most of the less factual tests of the resource-based view that have been conducted have backing positive, straightforward effects of assets (cf.Miller Shamsie, 1996;Pennings, Lee, van Witteloostuijn, 1998). However, scholars argue that resources form the basis of firm strategies (e.g.,Barney, 1991) and are critical in the implementation of those strategies as well (Schoenecker Cooper, 1998). Performance is the important function of the organization to manage all the resources of the organization in different ways and to gain the competitive edge (Sri Iswati, Muslich Anshori, 2007). To convert the performance of the organization into monetary terms is called financial performance. Researcher defined intellectual capital as a knowledge that can establish the value of the organizations (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997). Firm performance, was defined as the ratio of net income to total firm revenue. These data were derived from a profitability index reported annually by theAmerican Lawyer, the API, which is the ratio of profits per partner to revenue per lawyer and is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an expression of how effectively a firm converts revenue into partner profitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Brill, 1987: 16). The effect of firm size was controlled through the dependent variable (profits adjusted for total revenues). However, we included three other variables to control for their potential effects on firm performance, our dependent variable. These were large corporate clients, clients in new markets, and mode of market entry. Learning complex forms of knowledge requires face-to-face communications between partners and associates (Lane Lubatkin, 1998). Thus, partners must work with associates to transfer tacit knowledge. Junior and senior employees (associates with one or more partners) are assigned to teams that work on major projects for clients (Maister, 1993). In this way, the partners knowledge and capabilities are leveraged and associates also gain tacit and, often, firm-specific knowledge. Therefore it is very important link between the utilization of human capital and the performance of the organization (Lahteenmaki et al, 1998; Baird And Meshoulan, 1998). Just like other intellectual capital the capabilities of the human resource or the strategic human resource cannot be seen on the balance sheet (Tomer, 1987; Analoui, 1998b). Background of Insurance: The concept of insurance, according to (Gollier C., 2003), involves capital from many insured firms in order to pay for deficits which can occur to these things. The purpose of insurance is to protect the financial stability of an individual, company or other stuff in the case of deficit. Insurance can be explained from view point of discipline, including laws, economics, history, actuarial science, risk theory and sociology. It is equitable transfer of the risk from one object to another, in transaction for a premium. (Rejda, 2008). History of insurance is very old, in other words insurance appears to have some sort of link with human society. Romans and Greeks started the origins of health and life insurance back in 600 AD when they established guilds called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“benevolent societiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which look after the families who lost their relatives. (John, 1961). A researcher found a significant relationship with the financial performance of the organization and the sturutural capital in Malaysian firm and concluding that the investment in intellectual capital especially in the structural capital grows the competitive edge of that firm (Bontis et al., 2000). Internal structural capital therefore includes items such as strategy, patents, and brand names. Finally relational capital captures relationships with third parties, such as customers and suppliers (Bontis, 2001). If IC is linked to firm performance, firms and investors would benefit from this disclosure. However other barriers to disclosure exist such as the cost of obtaining information on intangibles, or the perceived loss of competitive advantage with disclosure (Vergauwen et al., 2007). Financial performance is the main objective and the main tool of every entity. So every firm wants to increase its financial performance by different ways. By financial performance we mean that it is the monetary measuring of the results of firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s processes and operations e.g. return on equity, assets, investment etc (Business Dictionary). However, the number of multinational firms slips from 77 in 1947 to 25 in 1972 due to political unpredictability and separation of East Pakistan (Talha, 2007; Khan, 2007). Insurance in (Pakistan): The government of Pakistan inaugurated the office of insurance in April 1948. The main aim of this sector is to check the affairs related to the insurance sector. Main features of insurance ordinance, 2000: The insurance business has been divided into two main divisions, Life Insurance Business; and Non-Life Insurance Business. Each of these two divisions has further been divided into various categories. Funds for the life insurance and as well as for the non-life insurance firms have been jumped from Rs. 100 million to Rs. 150 million and from Rs. 40 million to Rs. 80 million appropriately. Punitive provisions for conflicts the insurance laws have been made stricter. Plan has been made for the firms of an Insurance Ombudsman who shall have the right to examine mal-administration of insurance firms and to amend grievances of the insurers. Provision has been made for the constitution of an Insurance Tribunal which shall have civil as well as scandals. Administration of the insurance law has been made more sufficient by giving to the Commission powers of investigate and issuance of directives. The minimum solvency margin has not been fixed and is to be prescribed under the rules from time to time. Limited provisions have been made for the development of a small conflicts resolution committee for speedy settlement of minor cases. For the last few decades, Pakistani life insurance companies have shown positive result which not only creates the employment opportunities but also increase the business activities in the economy. However financial statistics has shown that in Pakistan the growth of life insurance companies as these firms comprises 52% and 69% share of all (life plus non insurance life) insurance markets in the form of net premiums. (Insurance Year Book, 2007) In addition the premium result was jumped by 36%, therefore it shows remarkable progress in life insurance department of Pakistan. (Insurance Year Book, 2007) In Pakistan insurance sectors act as financial intermediaries. Insurance companies includes private and public that involves the companies which provides life, marriage, health and many other forms of insurance. Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial sector has revealed the positive flexibility to a face macroeconomic environment and global developments. (State Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Financial Stability Review 2008-09). The size of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial sectors that are Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions, Microfinance Sectors, and Central Depository of National Savings, the Insurance area, and financial providers, in terms of things or assets, has shoot up to Rs 8.2 trillion during the end of June 2009 from Rs 7.1 trillion in the end of December 2007. The record analyzes the developments in 2008 and during the first six months of 2009 (State Bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Financial Stability Review 2008-09). Further this analyze insure us that the insurance underwriting cycle may play a vital role in influencing insurance premium growth rates. (Chen et al. 2009) has expressed that profitability of insurance companies decreased with the increased in equity ratio. In addition, insurance industries must have to diversify their investment and use effective hedging techniques which will help them to generate better financial revenue. For the last few decades, Pakistani life insurance companies have shown positive result which not only creates the employment opportunities but also increase the business activities in the economy. However financial statistics has shown that in Pakistan the growth of life insurance companies as these firms comprises 52% and 69% share of all (life plus non insurance life) insurance markets in the form of net premiums. (Insurance Year Book, 2007) In addition the premium result was jumped by 36%, therefore it shows remarkable progress in life insurance department of Pakistan. (Insurance Year Book, 2007) In the consideration of life insurance industry is an important debate for the regulators and rules makers to support the sector in achieving their goals so that desirable result can be achieved in the sector of insurance sectors in Pakistan. The focus in this research is on the performance effects of human capital, the leveraging of that capital and as well as the interaction of human capital with the firm strategy. Moreover, this research contributes the mutual expertise ideas on the resource based view of the organizations. Specifically, it will target the effects of human capital on organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance and importantly, illuminates how resources, such as human capital, moderate the relationship with service and geographic diversification strategies and firm performance.

Argumentative Essay On Fast Food - 2000 Words

The fast food industry provides quick, cheap, and easy access to foods that in the customers opinion, is very delicious, and affordable, however this food which millions of people around the world are constantly consuming, could actually cause major health problems, and weight gain in the long run. Major fast food companies throughout the world know what they are doing when it comes to marketing towards all types of people. Some people will find numerous different things to blame for the epidemic of fast food making individuals overweight. 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The Two-Minute Speech Free Essays

Lasting roughly over two minutes, the Gettysburg Address is one of the best known speeches in American history. In the Gettysburg Address, author Abraham Lincoln puts hope into the hearts of Americans of a new nation brought up from the ashes of the American Civil War and the noble men that fought to preserve its belief in liberty and the equality of all men. We will write a custom essay sample on The Two-Minute Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lincoln’s words deliver a sense of unity and wholehearted purpose among Americans in his Gettysburg Address. In the first paragraph, Lincoln states his belief that â€Å"all men are created equal†, an allusion to the Constitution. He is asserting that freedom of all men, including slaves, is backed by the law of the land. Lincoln never uses the words â€Å"I† or â€Å"you† to address his audience, but instead uses â€Å"we†, â€Å"our†, and â€Å"us†, to establish ethos and connect with the crowd before him and Americans in general–the North and the South. Moreover, he repeatedly says â€Å"we† throughout his speech to emphasize his goal for unity. In the third sentence of the third paragraph, Lincoln uses parallelism in â€Å"little† vs. â€Å"long† and â€Å"we say† vs. â€Å"they did† to make a point that the fight to defend their country’s values of liberty and freedom from their soldiers will not be forgotten. Again he reveres their nobility in the first sentence of the same paragraph , repeating â€Å"we cannot† in front of â€Å"dedicate†, â€Å"consecrate†, and â€Å"hallow† (â€Å"this groundâ€Å"), using hyphens between each statement to create emphasis. Lincoln builds up to his ultimate message, the climax of the paper: That Americans shall make it their duty to see that the rights of man which Union soldiers so righteously defended shall never again be neglected. He goes on by addressing â€Å"the great task remaining before [them]†, which is â€Å"that†¦we† give as much devotion to the cause as those who died for it, â€Å"that we highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain†, and â€Å"that this nation†¦shall have a new birth of freedom†, creating, with this use of anaphora, and intensity that makes his listeners feel proud while also giving them a sense of purpose/cause. Finally, Lincoln uses asyndeton to close off his speech by affirming that government â€Å"of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth†, promising a  brighter future. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address reassured Americans that their soldiers did not die in vein, for the freedom and liberty of man would never cease to be defended. How to cite The Two-Minute Speech, Papers

Teaching Integrated Marketing Communication

Question: Discuss about the Teaching Integrated Marketing Communication. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze the case study namely Cadbury Picnic- Rebuilding the Brand. In this case, Cadbury has implemented a marketing communication plan in order to rebuild the 58 years old brand Picnic. The previous marketing campaign for this product was Deliciously Ugly. Thereafter, Picnic, its not Picnic was the marketing campaign implemented by Cadbury in order to communicate with the consumers. This report will evaluate the implemented marketing communication plan and will identify the key issues of the same (Chitty 2011). Moreover, this report will consist of efficient recommendations in order to mitigate the potential issues of this communication plan. Here, two academic articles will be evaluated in order to give theoretical justification of the marketing movement. Case Summary According to the case study, Australian consumers consume 4.7 kg confectionery annually. Therefore, it can be said that confectionary market of Australia is one of the popular snack food in Australian market. In this market scenario, Cadbury Pty Ltd has 47 per cent market share in chocolate confectionary market. The case study emphasizes the oldest brand of Cadbury namely Picnic and its marketing communication strategy. Previously, the company was conducting marketing communication with the tag line of Deliciously Ugly. However, during the five years span of 2000 to 2008, the brand losses its sales and eventually declined by the target market (Chitty 2011). Three market forces such as competition, distribution channel and changing trend of snacks products influenced the reason behind this sales fall. In order to rebrand the product, Cadbury has implemented a new marketing communication strategy with the tag line Picnic, its not Picnic. This marketing communication was focused to build an emotional attachment with the targeted consumers. Here, Cadbury encourages the consumers to make their own television advertisements while having Picnic. The product was difficult to consume, as this is not an on the go kind of chocolate stick. This marketing communication was initiated in order to encourage the consumers to try it. They would consume the product while a commercial conversation. This marketing movement was initiated in order to promote personal experience of the consumers. The potential threat of this marketing communication was consumers may not entertain the companys approach of making own advertisement. Thus, the company could have face difficulties due to lack of commercial contents. Key Communication Issue The previous marketing communication of Cadbury was Deliciously Ugly, which was proven to be successful in competitive market. However, the changing trend of snack products has led Picnic to the declining stage of product life cycle. The key issue has been emphasized in this case study is increasing market competition. During this period, Snicker was the biggest competitor of Cadbury Picnic. Marketing communication is a process of communicating with the consumers with relevant information (Dahl, Eagle and Low 2015). The major issue with Picnic that it was not an on the go chocolate bar. People may face difficulties to have Picnic while they are walking or attending a business conference. However, quality and flavor of the product was not at all an issue for the consumers. In this situation, it was difficult for Cadbury to maintain sustainable profitability for the product. Other Communication Issues According to the case study, there were many challenges that have prevented Picnic from conducting sustainable business. The first issue was it is not an on the go chocolate bar and consumers faces messy issues while consuming the product. The ingredients were used in this product makes it sticky and unmanageable. Consumers may like the taste and quality of the product, as it was much better than other products. In order to gain competitive advantage, it is highly important to maintain the product quality (Hollensen 2015). However, the products key features prevented a regular purchase. The second issue of the marketing communication was promotional activities. Here, the company had implemented a low pricing strategy in order to retain new and existing consumers (Samu and Wymer 2014). However, providing random promotional offers were tend the consumers to purchase the product at low price. In this era of competitiveness, confectionary industry gives combo purchase offers, which is a globally acknowledge communication strategy. However, Cadbury was not able to provide such promotional offers sue to the previous agreement with Schweppes. In order to overcome the potential challenges, the company has implemented the next marketing communication strategy, which is known as Picnic, its not Picnic. This marketing campaign was focused to encourage the consumers to make their own commercial advertisement. Here, there was a potential threat, which may have led the company towards shortfall of commercial advertisement (Petersen, Kushwaha and Kumar 2015). Linking with Lecture Topic In lecture topics, the move to the digital platform is the most relevant discussion with this case study. In this case, Cadbury has faced a set of potential issues with its primary marketing communication strategy (Luxton, Reid and Mavondo 2015). Therefore, the company has implemented the new marketing communication strategy in order to communicate with the target market. The transition of marketing communication from traditional to digital process shows that it directly relevant with the lecture topic Digital and Social Media, Chapter three and four. Here, the use of digital marketing has been emphasized. The goal of Cadbury was to encourage the consumers to make their own TV advertisement while having a Cadbury Picnic chocolate bar. In this case, the potential issues were promotional activities, market competition and trend of confectionary products. Therefore, the marketing movement of the company was initiated in order to reach to the consumers with innovative strategy. Here, the consumers need to have a computer with webcam and a piece of Picnic bar. In this manner, they would be able to share their personal experience, when they are having Picnic chocolate. The consumers will be able to create web link of the TV advertisement and can post the link onto the social media website in order to attract audience (Berthon, Pitt and Watson 2015). Therefore, it directly linked with the lecture topic, which discusses about the digital marketing through social media platform. The concept illustrated in this lecture topic is the process of utilizing the digital platform in order to influence mass audience. In order to influence mass audience, it is highly important to identify the most efficient online platform. Here, the company has selected television and social media as the most appropriate social media platform (Gong and Tsai 2016). Through these digital platforms, the company has given opportunity to the consumers to share their personal experience while having Picnic chocolate. Academic Article Links The purpose of this journal article is to examine the integrated marketing communication. Moreover, this journal article emphasizes the concept of integrated marketing communication and process of social media marketing (Dahl, Eagle and Low 2015). On the other hand, the given case study of Cadbury shows that the company has utilized digital marketing strategy using television and social media website. The aim of the company was to communicate with the consumers of Picnic chocolate in order to build an emotional attachment with the consumers (Kim 2016). Therefore, it can be said that the theoretical framework of this journal article is relevant with the given case study of Cadbury. The purpose of this journal article is to investigate the impact of various messages that can be sent via marketing communication. Here, the importance of efficient information has been evaluated (Samu and Wymer 2014). In case of Cadbury, the company has pass on the information about the product called Picnic. The company has highlighted the main attribute of the product in order to influence buying behavior of the consumers. In case of Cadbury, the company was facing issues about the products attributes (Fedorko et al. 2015). Consumers were found it difficult to consume Picnic chocolate bar due to its unmanageable attribute. Therefore, the company has simply pass on a message concerning the difficulties that consumers may face while having Picnic. The company has communicate with the consumers by stating that it is difficult to consume Picnic while working, but it would be fun to try it. Therefore, it can be said that this journal article and its findings are relevant with the given case study of Cadbury. Decisions Required The case study shows that market competition is the key issue of Picnic. Therefore, the company has taken the approach of changing the marketing communication strategy. The newly formed marketing communication strategy was for attracting the consumers towards the brand. The strategy was efficient, as it was a big success for the company (Segal and Giacobbe 2015). However, the company would improve the strategy by giving the opportunity to the consumers to make customized advertisement without tampering its originality. For example, the company would incorporate efficient auto customization through which consumers can record high quality video for the television advertisement. The decision of telecasting the advertisement on television was good. However, the company would have focus on the video quality in order to improve the brand image. In order to entertain all the consumers, the company has planned to telecast one advertisement for once. It helps the company to avoid repetitive telecasting of digitalized content. Here, the company would allow the consumers to share the video post through social media website (Bandyopadhyay 2016). However, the company has only given the opportunity to share the link of television advertisement through social media website. Allowing the consumers to post the video through their social media account would help the company to engage word-of-mouth marketing strategy, which is an efficient marketing communication strategy (Jrvinen, Tllmen and Karjaluoto 2015). In this manner, the company would be able to dominate competitors like Snicker and would gain competitive advantages in an efficient manner. Proposed Solutions In order to solve the potential issues of Cadbury, it would be beneficial to communicate with the consumers directly. Here, the company should conduct outdoor campaign with the current marketing communication campaign. The outdoor marketing communication would help the company to increase sales volume within short time span (Van Huyssteen, Strydom and Rudansky-Kloppers 2015). Moreover, the company should deliver a clear message to the consumers in order to emphasize key attributes of the product called Picnic. When it comes to the issue of market competition, the company should conduct efficient promotional offers. However, the company should not provide frequent offer of low pricing benefit (Raval 2016). The company should take step against the legal barrier for which the company is unable to provide combo offers. In this manner, the company would be able to introduce efficient promotional offers and at the same time, the company would be able to maintain profitability as well. The major problem faced by Cadbury was poor communication with the consumers. The previous communication strategy was repetitive and therefore, consumers are no more interested to buy the product. It is highly important to mention the cause behind which consumers should buy the product (Wu 2016). Therefore, the company should focus on the information or message of the marketing communication strategy. The company has given opportunity to the consumers to share the link of TV advertisement through social media platform (Sozinova and Fokina 2015). Here, the company should allow the consumers to share the video that they have created through the companys website. It would help the company to gain advantage continuously from the commercial videos effortlessly. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that this case study is a good example of transaction from traditional marketing communication to contemporary marketing communication process. Apart from that, the use of digital platform in marketing communication has been emphasized in this case study. Apart from that, this case study shows that how marketers can enhance emotional attachment with the consumers in order to rebuild a particular brand. This marketing communication strategy was not just to make commercial advertisement. It was also for increasing sales of the product during the campaign. Therefore, it can be said that this case study shows the way in which communication with the consumers can be enhanced. Bibliography Bandyopadhyay, S., 2016. A Case Study of Teaching Integrated Marketing Communication Using an Innovative Group Internship Project.International Journal for Innovation Education and Research,3(2) Berthon, P., Pitt, L.F. and Watson, R.T., 2015. Re-Surfing the Web: Research Perspectives on Marketing Communication and Buyer Behaviour on the W3. InProceedings of the 1996 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 182-182). Springer International Publishing Chitty, B. 2011, Integrated Marketing Communication, 3rd Edition, Cengage Learning, pp: 166-168 Dahl, S., Eagle, L. and Low, D. 2015, "Integrated marketing communications and social marketing",Journal of Social Marketing,vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 226-240 Fedorko, R., Back, R., Kot, S. and Kakalejcik, L., 2015. The Analysis of Blog Use as A Marketing Communication Tool by the Selected Target Group in the Conditions of the Slovak Market.Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics,6(1), p.66 Gong, R. and Tsai, F.S., 2016, July. University Institutional Research and Student Recruitment Performance: A Marketing Communication Perspective. In2016 Global Marketing Conference at Hong Kong(pp. 329-330) Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education Jrvinen, J., Tllmen, A. and Karjaluoto, H., 2015. Web analytics and social media monitoring in industrial marketing: Tools for improving marketing communication measurement. InMarketing Dynamism Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same(pp. 477-486). Springer International Publishing Kim, K., 2016. The Effect of Economic and Relational Direct Marketing Communication on Buying Behavior in B2B Markets Luxton, S., Reid, M. and Mavondo, F., 2015. Integrated marketing communication capability and brand performance.Journal of Advertising,44(1), pp.37-46 Petersen, J.A., Kushwaha, T. and Kumar, V., 2015. Marketing communication strategies and consumer financial decision making: The role of national culture.Journal of Marketing,79(1), pp.44-63 Raval, M.B., 2016. A Study of Advertising Standards Council of India (Asci) and its Regulatory Role Towards Curbing Unethical Marketing Communication with Specific Reference to the Portrayal of Women by Advertisers.International Journal of Scientific Research,5(1) Samu, S. and Wymer, W. 2014, "Cause marketing communications",European Journal of Marketing,vol. 48, no. 7/8, pp. 1333-1353 Segal, M.N. and Giacobbe, R.W., 2015. Scope of Marketing Communication in a Developing Nation: An Empirical Analysis of Managerial Practices and Perceptions. InProceedings of the 1993 World Marketing Congress(pp. 318-321). Springer International Publishing Sozinova, A.A. and Fokina, O.V., 2015. Special aspects of studying the internet as a marketing communication channel of the service industry.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(4), p.139 Van Huyssteen, N., Strydom, J.W. and Rudansky-Kloppers, S., 2015. Online marketing communication tools used by guest houses in Pretoria, South Africa.African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development,7(4), pp.313-322 Wu, C.W., 2016, July. The Empirical Study Of City Marketing Strategies and Performance. In2016 Global Marketing Conference at Hong Kong(pp. 1709-1709)

Grapes Of Wrath Essays (548 words) - Marriage, Family, Gender

Grapes of Wrath Annonymous In the story Giovanni and Lusanna , written and researched by Gene Brucker, there is a woman who has taken her alleged husband to court, because he has married another woman. The story is a factual account of what transpired during this court case and the remainder of Giovanni?s life. There are several similarities between their world and ours, but for the most part we live in a totally different environment. Our standards of living have greatly improved, but more than that our society has grown more tolerant toward the people who deviate from everyday standards. The story starts out with Lusanna as a married woman who caught the eye of a wealthy young man named Giovanni. As time wore on they allegedly fell in love and enjoyed all of the pleasures of their love. It was later claimed by Lusanna that Giovanni had promised to marry her in the event of her husband?s death. Her husband soon died a questionable death that left open the possibility of poison. Unlike today?s world divorce was unheard of, and unacceptable. Giovanni then refused to marry her in a public wedding because his social status would be greatly hurt to marry some one in the working class of Florence. This is another example of why today?s society is so much different from how it was when they lived. Another strange thing about their society is the open humiliation that people were subjected to. It was said that Lusanna first husband was called a ?cuckold ? to his face. People who were said to earn money in a dirty fashion often had blood or paint thrown on their steps. These kinds of things are just not normal or permitted in today?s world. It is true that they do sometimes occur, but the responsible party often ends up looking worse that the person they were trying to hurt. Lusanna was said to have had several lovers. She was not able to become pregnant due to medical problems. This pretty much left her free to have unprotected sex with as many lovers as she wanted. It is true that there are women today with this same type of free love attitude, but there are serious consequences in todays world that will greatly hamper such a life style. One thing that is very similar about their time and today?s world in the fact that women will condemn each other for being guilty of immoral acts. It seemed as though many of the women in this story were aganist Lusanna because of her actions. There is no question that women in today?s world act in a very similar manner. A difference about women in this day in age is that they have ea great deal more freedom. It was said in the book that a woman was not supposed to look a man in the eye while in public. They were with out question second class citizens. In this story Giovanni ended up having his way probably because of who he knew and what family he was a member of. In this world, no matter when or where a person lives, the upper class will always have the power. The fact is, money is power, and with the greed that is naturally built into every human, money will consistently come out on top. It is very true that there are some similarities between this time and that one, but it should be apparent that people of today?s world have socially evolved.

Nuclear Isomer Definition and Examples

Nuclear Isomer Definition and Examples Nuclear Isomer Definition Nuclear isomers are atoms with the same mass number and atomic number, but with different states of excitation in the atomic nucleus. The higher or more excited state is called a metastable state, while the stable, unexcited state is called the ground state. How They Work Most people are aware electrons can change energy levels and be found in excited states. An analogous process occurs in the atomic nucleus when protons or neutrons (the nucleons) become excited. The excited nucleon occupies a higher energy nuclear orbital. Most of the time, the excited nucleons return immediately to the ground state, but if the excited state has a half-life longer than 100 to 1000 times that of normal excited states, it is considered a metastable state. In other words, the half-life of an excited state is usually on the order of 10-12 seconds, while a metastable state has a half-life of 10-9 seconds or longer. Some sources define a metastable state as having a half-life greater than 5 x 10-9 seconds to avoid confusion with the half-life of gamma emission. While most metastable states decay quickly, some last for minutes, hours, years, or much longer. The reason metastable states form is because a larger nuclear spin change is needed in order for them to return to the ground state. High spin change makes the decays forbidden transitions and delays them. Decay half-life is also affected by how much decay energy is available. Most nuclear isomers return to the ground state via gamma decay. Sometimes gamma decay from a metastable state is named isomeric transition, but its essentially the same as normal short-lived gamma decay. In contrast, most excited atomic states (electrons) return to the ground state via fluorescence. Another way metastable isomers can decay is by internal conversion. In internal conversion, the energy that is released by the decay accelerates an inner electron, causing it to exit the atom with considerable energy and speed. Other decay modes exist for highly unstable nuclear isomers. Metastable and Ground State Notation The ground state is indicated using the symbol g (when any notation is used). The excited states are denoted using the symbols m, n, o, etc. The first metastable state is indicated by the letter m. If a specific isotope has multiple metastable states, the isomers are designated m1, m2, m3, etc. The designation is listed after the mass number (e.g., cobalt 58m or 58m27Co, hafnium-178m2 or 178m272Hf). The symbol sf may be added to indicate isomers capable of spontaneous fission. This symbol is used in the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart. Metastable State Examples Otto Hahn discovered the first nuclear isomer in 1921. This was Pa-234m, which decays in Pa-234. The longest-lived metastable state is that of 180m73 Ta. This metastable state of tantalum has not been seen to decay and appears to last at least 1015 years (longer than the age of the universe). Because the metastable state endures so long, the nuclear isomer is essentially stable. Tantalum-180m is found in nature at an abundance of about 1 per 8300 atoms. Its thought perhaps the nuclear isomer was made in supernovae. How They Are Made Metastable nuclear isomers occur via nuclear reactions and can be produced using nuclear fusion. They occur both naturally and artificially. Fission Isomers and Shape Isomers A specific type of nuclear isomer is the fission isomer or shape isomer. Fission isomers are indicated using either a postscript or superscript f instead of m (e.g., plutonium-240f or 240f94Pu). The term shape isomer refers to the shape of the atomic nucleus. While the atomic nucleus tends to be depicted as a sphere, some nuclei, such as those of most actinides, are prolate spheres (football-shaped). Because of quantum mechanical effects, de-excitation of excited states to the ground state is hindered, so the excited states tend to undergo spontaneous fission or else return to the ground state with a half-life of nanoseconds or microseconds. The protons and neutrons of a shape isomer may be even further from a spherical distribution than the nucleons on the ground state. Uses of Nuclear Isomers Nuclear isomers may be used as gamma sources for medical procedures, nuclear batteries, for research into gamma ray stimulated emission, and for gamma ray lasers.

The Trade-Off Theory of Capital Structure Coursework

The Trade-Off Theory of Capital Structure - Coursework Example According to Pacific Daily News (2014), the recent GPA successfully sold $76.47 million of revenue bonds The concept of dividend signaling asserts that the announcement of dividend payments by a company contributes positively to the future prospects of the company. The announcement of a rise in dividend payout helps to solidify the prospects in the market and improves the image of the company in lieu of growth prospects and stability in the future. How much will a firm receive in net funding from a firm commitment underwriting of 250, 000 shares priced to the public at $40 if a 10% underwriting spread has been added to the price paid by the underwriter? Additionally, the firm pays $600, 000 in legal fees According to Baker (2005), underwriter spread fall in the category of direct expenses whilst management fees such as legal feels falls with the indirect issuance expenses. Hence, $1.9 million becomes the direct expenses and $1.65 million become the indirect expense for the issuer. In economics, the value of the firm is linked to profit maximization; as a result, the value of the firm is the present value of the firm’s current and future profits. In finance to determine the present value of a firm, the present income is multiplied by five. Hence, the present value of ABC is operating incomeX5.

DNA Restriction and Electrophoresis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DNA Restriction and Electrophoresis - Lab Report Example The various endonucleases used areECORI, Bain HI, and Hind III.Each of these enzymes has at least five or more restriction sites on the chromosome and it consequently produces six or more restriction fragments of different lengths. The DNA strands are then immersed in a well of 0.8% agarose gel, which is the chosen medium.An electrical field, is applied to the gel evenly which makes the DNA fragments move faster from their original placement towards the positively charged electrode. The smaller DNA fragments travel faster through the gel than the larger ones. The gel actually acts like a sieve. Depending on the restriction enzyme used the DNA fragments separate into distinct bands during electrophoresis. The bands are then stained with a dye to make the invidual restriction enzymes evidently distinguishing them with a dye that attaches itself to the DNA molecule. Electrophoresing can be detected by hydrogen gas bubbling from the negative electrode and oxygen being given off by the positive electrode. These are products of the electrolysis of water. This is the first sign that current is flowing through electrophoresis system. Shortly afterwards bands of loading dye should be seen moving into the gel and migrating towards the positive pole of the apparatus. ... The movement of the DNA fragments are highlighted by the dye which forms coloured bands.(See above and below) Results: Depending on the endonuclease used, the digested DNA samples, exhibit the characteristic bands produced by each restriction. The enzyme is seen because of a dye that is introduced and shows the pattern of movement of the DNA fragments. Various restriction enzymes: There are several types of restriction enzymes, each of which react differently with the DNA and create different cuts. there are some that cut a three base pair sequence while others can cut four six or even eight. Each enzyme has different properties that are factors that determine the efficiency with which the DNA is cut and under what conditions optimum results will be obtained. Manufacturers of these restriction enzymes usually provide a specific buffer solution that is unique to the enzyme. This buffer solution is a mix of cat ions and other components that optimize the efficiency of the enzyme for cutting. Different restriction enzymes have different optimal temperatures under which they function. Conclusion: It can be observed that each sample of purified DNA reacts differently with the varied restriction enzymes. The fourth sample used for the negative control remains intact; as it has been incubated without, an endonuclease.The new DNA fragment can then be extracted from the gel by cutting it and doing gel purification. Vector ligation is used as the insert point. The ligation of the vector has to be cut also by a restriction

The Accidental Tourist- Macon's Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Accidental Tourist- Macon's Change - Essay Example The novel is mainly based on Macon Leary and how his metamorphosis comes about. How one deals with death and tragedy matters a lot, Macon loses his son in a shoot-out so he is clearly shown as a devastated man, the same also affects his marriage with his life and they decide to separate. The process of reconciliation is important, initially Macon does not want to be friendly with anyone, he is hostile and extremely upset because he loses his son but he later changes his attitude and adapts well in-spite of his great loss. Sarah and Muriel are the two love interests in the life of Macon, Muriel is his lover in the novel and Sarah is his wife. Some very interesting and important sequences of events happen in Paris. Macon gets injured in Paris in the novel, his back gets badly hurt and Sarah looks after him. He gets to juxtapose the qualities of the two women this time around, in doing so he finds that he is really uncomfortable with Sarah and he has to be someone else when he is with h is wife Sarah. On the other hand he finds life to be rosy when he is with Muriel; he is really comfortable when she is around. This makes a lot of difference in how events unfold in the novel, Macon also changes a lot after he notices such fine differences in the two women in his life. â€Å"In spite of Muriel’s difference from Macon in age, class, and outlook on life, once Macon has admitted to her his pain over Ethan’s death, he comes to realize, that she too, has been hurt in her life, that he is not the only person ever to feel pain.† (The Accidental Tourist) Macon changes and finds that even though Muriel is eccentric she is much different from Sarah and he falls for her. "Now that Ethan's dead I sometimes wonder if there's any point to life," Macon responds, "It never seemed to me there was all that much point to begin with."  (The Accidental Tourist) The way Sarah dealt with the loss of their child was extremely different from the way Macon dealt with t he loss, the differences between the two most important characters of the novel are very important to observe to be able to determine the extent of change Macon went through in the novel. â€Å"When Macon is with Muriel he is not detached and cold; he gradually comes to see other people in the world not as faceless mobs of people but as individuals doing the best they can to get through life† (The Accidental Tourist) Macon realizes the differences between Sarah and Muriel; he wanted to start a relationship with Muriel in-spite of their differences. There were quite a few differences between the two, their age was not ideal nor was anything else, both belonged to different cultures and Sarah had even pointed out the changes but they complimented each other well. â€Å"He had not taken steps very often in his life   . . . all seemed to have simply befallen him.   He couldn’t think of a single major act he had managed of his own accord.   Was it too late to begin?à ‚   Was there any way he could learn to do things differently.† (The Accidental Tourist) Macon finally realized that Muriel was the woman who brought the best out of him each day and he can be happy should he decide to stay with Muriel. His outlook towards life changed because of Muriel, with Sarah he was a very different person and with Muriel he was another person. â€Å"

Freud and Eysencks Theories of Crime

Freud and Eysencks Theories of Crime Freud Eysencks Theory of Crime Crime Introduction By studying the work of criminologist’s Freud and Eysenck, this essay will consist of me looking at key psychological factors, I will look at the strengths and limitations of their personality theories of crime. I will put forward a wide range of explanations, by studying the work of the criminologists and trying to understand the causes of crime, for example psychological issues. Psychology relates to the study of peoples’ mind. Psychological theories of crime look at the differences in individual behaviour and how that makes it more likely for individuals to commit a criminal act. The reason for these differences may be due to personality characteristics, biological factors, or social connections. (Freud, S. 1961) Psychodynamic explanations of crime and criminal behaviour have their origins, by looking at the significant work of Sigmund Freud (1956-1939). The psychoanalytical model developed by Freud in which he believes that a human progresses, early in life. Freud comes to say the human personality has three sets of interacting forces. These include the id, the ego and the superego. These are three components in a human personality that initiate them to behave in the manner they do and make individuals what they are. Firstly the id which is believed to be primitive, which supply’s unconscious drives for food and sex. The id triggers humans to do all the things that feel good, regardless if they are wrong. A child who is cries when they are hungry, this is the id triggering the child for the needs to be met. Secondly, is the superego which contains the conscience. According to Freud the superego consists of values and morals internalised through a person’s life. The super ego merges between the id and ego. It helps individuals feel good about something they have done right and feel guilty for something they have done wrong. Thirdly, the ego or the conscious personality, this personality component helps humans face reality by adjudicating between the other two components id and superego. Ego helps individuals not to follow every desire they have which is created by the id. This component allows the principle of reality which guides improper sexual and aggressive drives to suitable intentions. The ego is something that is learnt. Freud believes humans are born with their id. Freud believes the id holds importance to the personality, for example the id allows a newborn to get its needs met by crying. The id is set on getting pleasure; the id wants whatever feels good despite the outcome of the situation being bad. By looking at the example of a child who will cry to meet his satisfactions, this is a good way to explain how the id works; the id will speak until the needs are met. The id just wants to meet its own satisfaction without any consideration about reality. Looking at babies who are inconsiderate to their parents, weather there parents are sleeping eating etc if they want something they will cry for it until they get it. This shows if the id wants something, noting else is important. During the child developing through life the second component of the personality develops. This is known as the ego, the ego looks at the reality theory. Not like the id the ego is more considerate it understands feeling and emotions of others and takes them into account. Therefore the ego meets the needs of the id, at the same time looking at the reality of the condition. By the time a child is five the development of the third personality component develops. Freud called this Superego. The superego is seen as the honest part of humans. It determines what is right or wrong by looking the moral and ethical barriers placed by people around us. The ego according to Freud is the most powerful component. Freud believes that the ego complies with the desires of the id and the superego. At the same time the ego relates on the factors of reality. Freud believed that if the id gets a strong desire and self satisfaction obtains an individuals life. The stronger the superego is, the more an individual will be driven to harsh ethics. By looking at the development of the superego, is it said that the superego acts on the ego. The superego is believed to internally have rules and punishments; the superego praises and punishes the child in the same way as the parents. This then builds up to the child learning what is right and wrong. The id works for pleasure and superego wants control; the relationship with parents is seen as important. Assumed that the failure to develop a superego was the result of the parents being unloving or absent for much of the child’s upbringing (Aichhorn, 1963). Nevertheless having parents who are kind and caring could have the same effect. Freud’s theory concludes around the idea that inner, dynamic forces influence human behaviour. On the other hand Eysenck was one in many psychologists to study personality. Eysenck’s personality theory was different. Eysenck based it upon psychological concepts of conditioning whereas Freud’s theory was based on conscience, but Eysenck viewed the concept very differently. Eysenck believes there is a biological basis to personality. Were individuals are genetically predestined. Eysenck believes individuals tend to learn the rules and norms of society through conscious. This is obtained through happenings in life, when involved in certain situations. He goes on to say the good receive rewards and the bad or unexpected are punished. Eysenck also believes there are three dimensions to a personality. Firstly extraversion which is said to have two components impulsiveness and sociability, each of which are independent of each other. Eysenck looked at extroversion as individuals who enjoy ‘positive events’ especially social events, they are seen to enjoy involvement in gatherings e.g. parties. They enjoy mixing in with others and talking rather then being on their own. Extraverts are seen to ‘fade’ if they are on their own or bored. People who are extraverts enjoy interacting with other and are seen to be assertive and talkative. Extraversion in individuals allows them to spend more time with people and less time on their own. They are seen to have a more positive approach and are more energised when people are around. They are seen to take risks and hold leadership abilities. Low extraversion is expressed as introversion. This is totally opposite to extroversion. Example of introverts are writers, artist etc. People with high introversion are only concerned and interested in their own psychological life. Introverts enjoy spending time on there own, for example they enjoy reading and writing rather than engaging in activities such as social gatherings. Introverts are seen to be ‘low key’. Introverts enjoy observing situations before they take part, they allow themselves to concentrate on a certain activity or person before they get involved or take part in another. Introverts should not be considered as shy people, due to them as individuals enjoying time spent by themselves; they don’t hold fear of mixing in with people. Due to there own preference they enjoy time spent on their own. Eysenck referred neuroticism or instability to individuals who have negative emotions, such as people who are moody, anxious, and highly insensitive. Stability then is the lack of this behaviour. Individuals with high N are seen as neurotic; whereas someone with a low score would be see as stable. Eysenck found that women are more neurotic than men. Little (1963) carried out research by comparing the scores for convicted young offenders on the extroversion and neuroticism scope with those who are non-offenders. The outcome of his research was that there was no difference in relation to extroversion but the offenders scored higher on the neuroticism dimension. Neither element showed the relation of replicate offending. Eysenck (1977) agues that different combinations of different personality scopes within people influence their capability to learn not to offend and therefore the level of offending someone with a high E and high N equal a stable introvert. Introverts are seen as the most effectively conditioned. Eysenck found that stable extroverts and neurotic introverts come somewhere between the two limits in provisions such as conditioning. Sigmund Freud defined psychoanalysis as â€Å"a method of mind investigation, and especially of the unconscious mind† (Freud 1920). Looking at the relationship between psychoanalysis and crime, Freud created the psychoanalytic theory; this theory is used in criminology to explain crime. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is based on the fact that individuals welfare of a strong relation between the id, ego and superego. However Freud never had much to say about crime. This theory is based on the basis of why crime is committed, and the reasons for crime within an individual. Freud based it on the fact that crime is caused by e.g. conflict in individual’s early life that leads them to become criminals. Freud’s theory suggests that individuals with anti-social tendencies, in the unconscious of there mind, they tend to think back to traumatic events in their early life, which causes long term psychological problems. Another reason why Freud believes individuals become criminals and start committing crimes is due to the id getting out of control. Freud went on to say that there are three possible reasons for individuals to commit crime which relate to his theory are: Strong conscious – which creates guilt within individuals Weak conscious – which does not control individual desires and Criminal needs for instant pleasure. Freud’s theory suggests that individuals may have tension or disagreements in their mind which lead to guilt. As a result they gain views and feelings inside that make them wanting to be punished. He feels unconscious differences reason crime. Displacement according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is when an individual’s desire changes from something that is wrong or intolerable to something that is right and suitable. For example when something does not go right for someone i.e. exam: and the pupil feels angry at the teacher due to them asking hard, difficult questions. The pupil knows that they can’t say anything to the teacher and to take they anger out they take it out on someone closer to them i.e. there little brother. This allows individuals not to commit crime and control their feelings and urges and carry out their anger in not a criminal manner. Freud expresses repression as the procedure to condemnation. He believes that people have memories, urges, etc but these feelings are hard or unacceptable to think about, individuals tend to take them out there mind and conscious and not think about them. This is what Freud expressed repression as, which is comparable to suppression. Theories of over control start with the view that crime and criminality are: subjective, meaning there is confliction between them as the definition changes over time. Over control relates to the concern of criminalisation, and why individuals become selected criminals and why individuals react different to them. Over control is a theory that society can make, adjust or remove rules which have been placed. The development of a criminal personality can be due to the way a child had been bought up from an early age. This could lead to the child developing a criminal personality when the child becomes older. Freud planned two different models of criminal behaviour. He firstly looked at the types of criminal activity e.g. arson shoplifting etc. he looked at his theory psychosexual development and believed that the disruption of psychic development which may easily be disrupted, leading to neuroses. He believed that people affected at anyone or more of theses periods in childhood may be the reason for criminal behaviour in later life. Freud believes that psychosexual development of a child is the inspiration or impact of the parents, the impact of the parents is seen to be unconscious. Freud believed that both parents and child are not conscious of the influence they have on each other, therefore he believed that there is less chance of parents producing children that offend. Secondly Freud’s model of criminal behaviour was the offenders acquire a weak conscious. Freud stated that the progress on the conscious is essentially significant on the upbringing of the child. He sees morals are closely linked to guilt, and those individuals who have an unconscious guilt are the ones who are most liable to be part of criminal behaviour. Aichhorn (1925) argued that the birth of a child has certain natural desires that want satisfactions. A child is unaware and unaffected by the values of society surrounding the child. The parents therefore should bring the child to a social state. If the upbringing of the child is ineffective the child remains asocial. This could lead to actual offending behaviour. He believed that individuals with fully developed conscious but had parents who were criminals themselves. Secondly there were those who had been allowed to do whatever they wanted by weak parents. I think that psychoanalysis can be used to explain types of serial killing or mental disorders. I feel that individuals who kill people or suffer from a mental illness is due to past experiences they experienced, therapists use psychoanalysis in order to retrieve into the unconscious mind of an individual. They get individuals to talk about what comes into there head and studying the dreams of the individual, the therapist than makes the individual aware of things that are going occurring in there mind that they are unconscious of. Theorists believe the unconscious mind is strange. They believe that individuals cannot work out there problems themselves, which lead to other people sorting out there issues. The criticism of this theory is that people believe that Freud theory is too simple to explain the density of the human mind; Freud overstated sex and was seen to be sexiest. Looking at his theory was a feminist approach, Freud theories were believed to be essentially from a male viewpoint with his own self-analysis. He hardly integrated female viewpoints into his theories. Looking at the relationship between Eysenck’s personality theory and crime, Eysenck believes by looking at traditional theory there is no therapy of behavioural disorders. Eysenck’s theory of criminal behaviour puts together biology, social and individual features. Children who are socialised and bought up the right way, makes the child aware of the right and wrong things, they will then keep away from activities that will have consequences Eysenck believes children control there own impulses. Eysenck believes individual’s behaviour is inner initiative and motivation. Looking at personality and criminal behaviour it is believed that life alone can not justify why individuals turn to crime. Eysenck said that children that are born with criminal features or due to experiences that lead them to be criminals. Criminal doings are seen as inner desired which are not fulfilled (sublimation). Eysencks theory has been criticized due to a great amount of doubt and ambiguity regarding the validity and trueness of his theory. Farrington (1994) however proposed the approach taken seems to at least indentify a discrete connection involving offending and impulsiveness. Though Farrington found no significant connection with personality. Eysenck study on anti social behavior has not yet been fully tested. Conclusion By looking at the work of both criminologists Eysenck and Freud, I feel that the more research should be done on the causes of crime in the future, by looking at the critics of both theorist it has been said that Freud being sexist and the ambiguity of Eysenck work could not really clarify why individuals behave the way they do. I feel that more research should be put into the work of researchers. Looking at psychodynamic and behavioural learning traditions a criminal mind or personality does exist. References Aichorn, A. (1963). Wayward Youth. NY: Viking. Farrington, D. (1994). Psychological Explanations of Crime. Dartmouth: Aldershot. Freud, S. (1941). Criminals from a Sense of Guilt pp. 332-33 Vol. 14 The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press. Freud, S. (1961). The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19). London: Hogarth. Little, A. (1963). An Introduction to Criminological Theory: Second edition, Roger Hopkins Burke.

The Greenwich Association for Retarded Citizens of Greenwich High :: essays research papers

The Greenwich Association for Retarded Citizens (G.A.R.C.) of Greenwich High The Greenwich Association for Retarded Citizens (G.A.R.C.) of Greenwich High is a group of students interested in interacting with disabled students. These students go to the high school as well, and look forward to getting to know us. Each of the students have different disabilities but they each have the desire to make friends. This group is totally volunteer basis for all of it's members, no one has to attend. I have been a member of this group for the three years I have attended in Greenwich High. Spending a lot of time with these children I have learned to understand that they are just looking to make friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I joined this group as a freshman because I had worked with children with Down Syndrome during the eighth grade at Central Middle School. My interest carried on through out the years because of the numerous fun times I have had, and have made friends with many of the girls. They are all very personable and pleasant to talk with. They each have special characteristics defining them from the others, making each of them special in different ways, just like the rest us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from the meetings that we have every so often to discuss activities we can do, we usually do fun and interesting activities. We go out for pizza frequently because it seems to be the group consensus on what we would all like to eat. During the holidays we celebrate in interesting ways; on Halloween we have a party where every one gets dressed and brings candy. For the Christmas season we are going to celebrate with a party at a members house and listen to Christmas carols, and have dinner. We have had bake sales and have sold candy in order to raise money for the clubs activities. These are usually a success because every one participates and we all seem to function well as a group. When there are dances or football games at school we each take one of the girls and it's good for them because they get to interact with the rest of the school at a big function.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This club is not only fun, but it's like going to a meeting with some of your friends. We are a small group and we all get along. Since we are a small group it is also difficult for us to do a lot of things. It is difficult to educate the larger part of the public who doesn't know what these kids are like.

Market Plan for Monster Energy Drink Essay

Monster Energy is an American brand of energy drink created and marketed by Hansen Natural Corporation. Monster calls itself the meanest energy drink on the planet. It’s a big hit in the United States that delivers twice the buzz of a regular energy drink. Monster’s US portfolio includes the flagship Monster and Lo-carb plus specially blended hybrid energy + juice, energy + soda, and coffee + energy products. Monster is the US 16 oz. segment leader, with sales nearly double that of the next closest 16 oz. competitor. The energy drink category to a large extent is image driven. The Monster design is aggressive without being intimidating. Monster’s proprietary energy blend is a combination of the right ingredients in the right proportion to deliver what the energy drink consumer is looking for, the â€Å"energy buzz! † For more product information, see Appendix I. Though Monster Energy is not widely advertised in the media, it receives a large amount of recognition from its sponsorship of various sporting events. Market and Competitive Analysis Energy Drink Market The energy drink category is one of the fastest growing worldwide. Sales of energy drinks are taking off in Australia, with the energy drink category being the fastest growing category in Australian convenience stores (See Appendix II). The value growth of energy drinks in the Australian convenience channel was up 22. 3% from 2006 to 2007. The Australian Market Adel? Key Competitors The Australian energy drink market is dominated by two big players. In 2006, Red Bull and V Energy held a combined 94% share of the Australian energy drinks market (ACNeilson). Recently, these two have been challenged by the relaunch of Mother Energy by Coca Cola Amtail, which claimed to have captured 12. 7% of the energy drink category in the grocery and convenience channels in mid 2008. To capture a piece of the rapidly growing industry, many new energy drinks have been introduced in the Australian market. Key competitors include Lucozade, Wild NRG, Naughty Energy, Jugular, and Hype. The competing products include similar ingredients such as caffeine, sucrose, vitamins, taurine, ginseng, and guarana. They target essentially the same group of active young people: V targets ages 18-24 and Red Bull markets to 18-29. The main product differentiation seems to be in taste and marketing. (See Appendix III for detailed competitor information). Marketing Objectives First Year 1)10% share of Australian energy drink market 2)Distribution of 60% in retail and convenience stores in Area 1 (see Appendix II) 3)Distribution of 50% in bars and fast food in Area 1 Second Year 1)Capture 5% more market share nationwide 2)Test restaurant concept: Achieve 10% distribution in restaurants in current market 3)Introduce additional flavors of Monster Energy and Monster Java – Achieve placement of new products in 50% of existing customers by year end Marketing Strategy Positioning Monster represents a lifestyle. Monster is aggressive, cool, sinister, dark, mysterious and fun. Monster is about action sports, punk rock music, partying, girls, and living life on the edge. The Monster name and design are perfectly in-tune with the category’s core consumers. The Monster brand targets 21-35 year-old males and females, who are nonconformists, independently spirited and embrace a non-traditional identity and lifestyle. Product Strategy In Australia, we will adhere to Monster’s proven image and packaging. We will begin by introducing the two best-selling flavors, the Original green and Low-Carb blue flavors. These products make up ___% of the brand’s domestic sales. The packaging will remain consistent. The cans will be black with the large Monster â€Å"M’ logo. We will start by introducing the 16-ounce aluminum cans only. We feel that the market would better accept this size than the even larger 24-ounce cans or the huge 32-ounce â€Å"BFC† cans that are also sold domestically. Because most energy drinks in Australia are sold in small 250mL cans, the 16-ounce can will be a â€Å"Monster† of a product. The large can concept has already been proven in this market by the success of the new Mother energy drink 500mL can. The package sizes offered will be cases of 24 individual cans and 4-can packs. We will advise retailers to sell the cans individually to encourage trial and as 4 packs for a slight discount. Pricing Strategy Adel Communication Strategy Monster is a viral brand that focuses on word-of-mouth communication. Very little mass communication is used domestically, and that strategy will be continued in the Australian market. Instead of purchasing television or print advertising, Monster’s promotional budget will focus on creating buzz and a strong, loyal following in the target market. We will continue the Monster strategy of sponsoring extreme sports events and athletes. We will find several more Australian athletes to sponsor, and we will focus much of our attention on the popular Australian surfing market. Monster will also emphasize product sampling. We will unveil a Monster Van and sales team that will hand out product in key markets and attend events. The van will be brimming with free product samples as well as gear such as t-shirts, hats, and stickers in order to incite buzz. To foster loyalty, Monster will create a branch of its monsterarmy. com website that will be called Monster Army Australia. The website will allow Monster fans to create profiles, share pictures of their Monster collections, discuss extreme sports, and apply for sponsorship. It will also allow the company to gauge consumer reaction to new products and strategies by using polling, surveys, and discussion forums. Lastly, Monster will try a new tactic in the Australian market to target college-aged consumers. Monster will launch a Contemporary Marketing Team that consists of 6 college students from different geographical areas. These student representatives will provide hands-on, personal marketing to their peers by attending events and handing out samples and gear. They will also be responsible for visiting bars in their area to discuss Monster mixed drink options and introduce Monster as a nightlife drink. Distribution Strategy Monster energy will create an alliance with beer distributors in Australia to facilitate the distribution. In the United States, Monster signed a distribution agreement with beer company Anheuser-Bush to move its distribution from Coca Cola. The move allowed Monster to still compete in the retail stores, but it better positioned the brands in the hands of people who have more expertise in bar and restaurant sales. This had a great effect on sales, and we want to capitalize on this from the start when moving into Australia. Marketing Research Plan Adel Action Plan The launch plan for the Australian market will take place in four-month increments. Phase 1: January – April 2009 The two base flavors (Original green and Lo-Carb blue) will be introduced Area 1 (see Appendix __). Distributors will be provided with product information, selling strategies, and giveaway items to aid in placement into retailers and bars. The Monster Van will be employed to provide immediate sampling and introduce the product directly to consumers. This will raise product awareness and help to gain distribution through a pull strategy in which consumers ask retailers to stock the product. Monster will sponsor three major junior surfing events (see Appendix __) to help introduce the brand. The events will provide an opportunity to give out free product samples, t-shirts, hats, and stickers, as well as to ask research questions to target consumers. Phase 2: May – August 2009 Monster’s internet team will launch the Monster Army Australia website for Monster fans in the new market. Cash incentives will be offered to distributors for reaching set distribution goals such as product placements, displays, and shelf space. Importantly, the second phase of distribution will begin. Area 1 will receive four new Monster flavors to sell: Monster Energy â€Å"Assault† red and â€Å"Khaos† orange, and Monster Java â€Å"Mean Bean† and â€Å"Loca Moca. â€Å" Geographic distribution will expand by introducing the base green and blue flavors to Area 2. Phase 3: September – December 2009 The Contemporary Marketing Team of college students will be launched. Six representatives from various colleges and geographic areas will be chosen to represent and market products to their peers. These students will be provided with product training and free gear. Also, a contest will be launched on the Monster Army Australia website to allow Monster drinkers to vote on their choice for the next new flavor. The contest will be advertised through signs and banners that distributors make and post in their areas. Phase 4: January – April 2010 The final phase of the introduction will expand the distribution of Monster into Area 3. General nationwide brand awareness should have been reached, so all products will be available in all areas to avoid confusion. The available products will include five flavors of Monster Energy and two flavors of Monster Java. To create your own version of this template, edit the contents of this document and then save it as a template: 4)Insert your company name and address in place of the text on the cover page by clicking once and typing. 5)On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save As Type box, choose Document Template (the filename extensions should change from . doc to . dot) and save the template. How to Create a Report. To create a report from your newly saved template, on the File menu, click New. In the New Document task pane, under Templates, click On my computer. In the Templates dialog, your updated template will appear on the General tab. (Your company information should appear in place. ) For the body of your report, use Styles such as Heading 1-5, Body Text, Block Quotation, List Bullet, and List Number from the Style control on the Formatting toolbar. How to Create Bullets and Numbered Lists ?To create a bulleted list like this, select one or more paragraphs and choose the List Bullet style from the Style drop-down list on the formatting toolbar. To create a numbered list like the numbered paragraphs above, select one or more paragraphs and choose the List Number style from the Style drop-down list. This Style—the Block Quotation—can be used for quotes, notes or paragraphs of special interest. To use the Block Quotation Style, highlight any paragraph and choose Block Quotation from the style drop-down list on the Formatting toolbar. How to Create a Table of Contents To create a Table of Contents for this report, position your cursor on the blank TOC page. From the Insert menu choose Reference, then Index and Tables. Click on the Table of Contents tab. Be sure to use the Custom Style format. More Template Tips There are four ways to view the various style names of template text: 1)Open the Styles and Formatting task pane by choosing Styles and Formatting from the Format menu. The style for the selected text shows in the pane. 2)For Normal or Outline view, from the Tools menu, choose Options. Click the View tab. In the Style Area Width box, dial up a number such as â€Å"1† and click OK. Observe the style name next to each paragraph. 3)Click on any paragraph. View the style name on the Formatting toolbar. 4)From the Format menu choose Theme, then Style Gallery. In the Preview section click on Style Samples. How to Create a Table Choose Insert from the Table menu. Be sure to choose the Professional AutoFormat if you are using a Professional style template. To modify an existing table, such as the table below, position your cursor in any cell. To modify the table, access the Table menu to select the desired action and/or result. Competitor RankingCurrent ShareShare in 3 Yrs. Largest competitor50%30% Second largest competitor25%20% Third largest competitor15%12% Table: Projected growth of competitors over 3 years. How to Edit Table Text You can edit and format table text like regular text. Simply select text and type to replace, and use the Format menu to change the font and/or paragraph attributes. How to Change a Header or Footer In Print Layout view, choose Header or Footer from the View menu. Once activated, you can change or delete the text just like regular text. When done, click Close to exit. To delete a ruling line in the Header or Footer, from the Format menu choose Borders and Shading. Choose None from the Preset section, and click OK. SOURCES: http://www. abmarketing. com/images/HandSelling/Documents/MonsterPitch_112707(1). pdf http://au. acnielsen. com/site/documents/NielsenConvenienceReport07finalLR2. pdf.

The Case Against Giant Sharks

The Case Against Giant Sharks Does anyone remember when Shark Week used to be about sharksthe biology of sharks, the lifestyles of sharks, fun facts about sharks and the people who watch them? Well, those days are long gone: now we have made-up documentaries about giant prehistoric sharks like Megalodon and endlessly recycled exposes of humongous, mythical, 40-foot-long Great Whites that swallow other sharks practically whole. (Lest you think  Im unfairly picking on The Discovery Channel, bear in mind that no less an eminence than The Smithsonian Channel has aired dreck like Hunt for the Super Predator.) But before we go any further, heres an important caveat. There are, in fact, gigantic predators lurking beneath the oceans depths, some of which have only rarely been glimpsed by humansthe classic example being the Giant Squid, which can grow to over 40 feet long. But even the Giant Squid isnt as giant as its cracked up to be: this elongated invertebrate weighs only a few hundred pounds, and its cousin, the Giant Octopus, is only about the size of a well-fed fifth-grader. If these real-life cephalopods are nothing like the monsters depicted in movies and unscrupulous TV shows, imagine how much license producers take when it comes to the long-extinct Megalodon! Everyone clear on this? OK, time for some questions and answers. Q. Isnt it conceivable that a Great White Shark could be 30 or 40 feet long? After all, there are well-documented examples of 20-foot-long Great Whites, and 30 feet isnt that much bigger. A. Lets put it this way: the late NBA star Manute Bol was one of the tallest human beings who ever lived, at seven feet and seven inches. Does the fact of Manute Bols existence mean that human beings can potentially grow 10 or 11 feet tall? No, it doesnt, because there are genetic and physiological constraints on how large any given species, including Homo sapiens, can grow. The same logic applies to all animals: there are no 40-foot-long Great White Sharks for the same reason there are no five-foot-long house cats or 20-ton African elephants. Q. Megalodon swam the worlds oceans for millions of years. Why is it so impossible to believe that a small population, or even one individual, has survived into the present day? A. A species can only prosper as long as environmental conditions are conducive to its continued existence. In order for, say, a population of 100 Megalodons to thrive off the coast of South Africa, their territory would have to be stocked with the kinds of giant whales these sharks feasted on during the Pliocene epochand theres no evidence for the existence of these giant whales, much less for Megalodon itself. As for the persistence into modern times of one lone, ornery individual, thats a tired cultural trope directly traceable to the original Godzilla movie, way back in the 1950sunless youre willing to believe that Megalodon has a million-year life span. Q. Ive seen reasonable-looking people on nature shows who insist theyve seen 40-foot-long sharks. Why should they go out of their way to lie? A. Well, why would your Uncle Stanley lie when he said that Bluefin Tuna ​that got away was seven feet long? Human beings like to impress other human beings, and they arent very good at estimating the sizes of things that lie outside a human scale. In the best cases, these people arent intentionally trying to deceive anyone; they just have a misplaced sense of proportion. In the worst cases, of course, they are intentionally trying to deceive the public, either because theyre sociopaths, theyre out to make a quick buck, or theyve been instructed to misrepresent the truth by TV producers. Q. The Loch Ness Monster surely exists. So why cant there be a living Megalodon off the South African coast? A. As Lois Griffin once said to Peter on Family Guy, Hold on to that thought, because Im gonna explain to you when we get home all the things that are wrong with that statement. There is absolutely no reliable evidence that the Loch Ness Monster (or Bigfoot, or Mokele-mbembe) actually exists, unless you want to credit the kind of fuzzy, forged photographs that shows like Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives traffic in. In fact (and Ill probably be wildly misquoted here), Im inclined to say that theres LESS evidence for the existence of Megalodon than there is for the Loch Ness Monster! Q. How can the Discovery Channel lie about the existence of Megalodon, or giant Great White Sharks? Isnt it legally required to state the facts? A. Im not a lawyer, but based on all the available evidence, the answer is no. Like any TV channel, Discovery is in the business of making a profitand if hogwash like Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives or Megalodon: The New Evidence brings in big bucks (the former shows 2013 premiere was viewed by five million people), the networks executives will gladly look the other way. In any case, the First Amendment makes it nearly impossible to hold broadcasters like Discovery to account: they have a constitutional right to spew half-truths and lies, and the public has the responsibility to doubt all of the evidence presented on these shows.

Top 5 Jobs in 2017 That Dont Require a College Degree

Top 5 Jobs in 2017 That Dont Require a College Degree when you’re looking for a job, you may see the same theme over and over: bachelor’s degree required; associate’s degree, minimum. if you don’t happen to have that degree in hand, it can be very disheartening. you know you have valuable skills and experience, but what will those get you if employers see that diploma as the baseline? don’t despair and resign yourself to a job or career you hate just because you think it’s your only option. we’re here to help you help you open doors and find a great job in the new year that works with the skills, experience, and goals you have. there are many jobs that don’t require a college degree. that being said, you can get a headstart on getting your gameplan in order for the coming year by taking a look at the information below. where do i start?of course, you can always just dive into job listings and start combing for jobs that don’t require a college degree. but it’s always a good idea to have an attack plan, if only to save yourself some time and aggravation as you get your hunt underway.get your resume together.a great resume is the entry point to any if you don’t have a degree, you should be packaging the skills and experience you do have, to package yourself as a superstar before you even start applying to jobs. we’ve got you covered on how to create your resume masterpiece:resume format guide: what your resume should look like in 2017the jobnetwork resume librarywhat is the best format for a resume?5 super tips on how to get your resume noticedavoid the resume black hole with these tipshow to create a resume packed with action words11 steps to writing the perfect resumethe ultimate resume guide for every job seeker5 things you should never put on your resumetarget your search.what are your interests, career-wise? do you already have particular skills or experience? use this information to figure out where you want to focus your job s earch.develop your skills.once you know where you want to focus your job search, make sure you have the skills necessary to succeed in that line of work. need to improve those typing skills? take a course! want to have a more solid understanding of how excel works? try an online tutorial. the more legwork and prep work you do up front, the better able you’ll be to package yourself for a given job opportunity.if your chosen job path involves certification or some kind of educational/training requirement, now’s the time to start looking at what that means, and whether you’re willing (or able) to make that commitment.be prepared for the long haul.getting a job is never easy, and it can be even more challenging at times if you don’t have a degree. but remember that employers value skills and experience highly as well- the degree isn’t everything. it’s about packaging yourself, and not giving up, even when it seems like â€Å"degree requiredâ₠¬  is the common denominator in all of the job postings you’re seeing.let’s look at 5 top jobs you should be looking at if you’re looking for a new career path or job opportunity:vet assistantparamedicnursing assistanttruck driverinside sales representativeall of these can be great entries to a new industry or profession, and let you start building the skills and experience you need to make it your career.the healthcare industryhealthcare is booming, with no real end in sight for a few reasons, including that people are more health-minded these days than ever before, and the baby boomer generation is aging and needs diverse kinds of medical and wellness care. becoming a doctor or a nurse will always require advanced education, but there are lots of great healthcare jobs out there that require only a high school degree (plus possible job-specific training, which in many cases you can get on the job). let’s look at five of the top healthcare jobs for 2017: veterinary assistanthumans aren’t the only ones who need great healthcare. if you’ve always been more partial to animalkind, this could be the career path you’re seeking.the job: vet assistants, sometimes also known as laboratory animal caretakers, are responsible for the care and treatment of animals in a clinical setting- often either a veterinary practice or a lab setting. their duties might include feeding and weighing animals, monitoring their vital signs, making sure they have clean cages/spaces, and providing nursing care before or after procedures. they might also assist the veterinarian or vet technicians during surgery or other procedures.the pay: median salary of $24,360 per year, or $11.71 per hour, per the u.s. bureau of labor statistics.the requirements: high school diploma or equivalent, on-the-job training.the outlook: this field is expected to grow by at least 9% by 2024.interested in this growing profession? search veterinary assistant jobs in your area of the country!paramedicif you like bursts of adrenaline, are incredibly calm under pressure, and don’t pass out at the sight of blood, becoming a paramedic is a great option.the job: paramedics are first responders when anyone needs medical care. they’re sent by dispatchers to provide emergency medical care for accidents or acute illness, or to transport people to the hospital who unable to transport themselves.the pay: median salary of $24,360 per year, or $11.71 per hour, per the u.s. bureau of labor statistics.the requirements: high school diploma or equivalent, cpr training, plus certification and completion of a non-degree training program (typically less than 2 years).the outlook: this field is expected to grow by at least 24% by 2024.paramedics are always needed nationwide.  search paramedic jobs in your area of the country!nursing assistantnursing assistants provide very necessary care for patients, helping them with daily tasks to support recovery or independence.the job: nursing assistants, also called nursing aides, work in hospitals or long-term care facilities like rehabilitation centers or nursing homes. as part of the medical and nursing team, they provide basic care like assisting with feeding, bathing and other personal care tasks; monitoring vital signs; and ensuring patients take medication as prescribed.the pay: median salary of $25,710 per year, or $12.36 per hour, per the u.s. bureau of labor statistics.the requirements: high school diploma or equivalent, plus a training program. certified nursing assistants (cnas) will also need to meet additional licensing requirements.the outlook: this field is expected to grow by at least 17% by 2024.this career is definitely on the rise. if you want to hop on while it’s on the upswing, search nursing assistant  jobs in your area of the country!the logistics industrypeople in logistics are responsible for getting things done. whether that’s making sure goods get from point a to point b, or managing inventory with deadly precision, these roles often require specialized training, but are usually open to those without a degree.truck driveryou don’t need a degree to hit the open road- just a commercial driver’s license, a clean record of responsible driving, and a love for meeting demanding schedules. it’s not a glamorous job, but it’s a very necessary one for our commercial economy.the job: truck drivers are responsible for moving large, heavy loads from one place to another. with online sales and delivery booming, this is an especially necessary field. it can be solitary (it’s often just you, the radio, and the aforementioned open road), but it’s a job that allows you to travel, be creative on the fly when there are obstacles, and be fairly independent.the pay: median salary of $40,260 per year, or $19.36 per hour, per the u.s. bureau of labor statistics.the requirements: high school diploma or eq uivalent, plus a training program. many trucking companies offer on-the-job training. you will also need to have a commercial driver’s license (cdl) and a clean driving record.the outlook: this field is expected to grow by at least 5% by 2024.truck drivers are needed in many industries nationwide. search for truck driver jobs in your area of the country!  the sales customer service industrysales is a field where your people skills and experience tend to outweigh a college degree. the ability to connect with people and sell them successfully on a product is something that can’t necessarily be taught in a classroom. this is also an industry that continues growing all the time- and once you have sales skills, you can apply them to all different kinds of jobs.sales representativesales representatives are responsible for getting (and keeping) customers for their product.the job: sales representatives are tasked with selling products, yes, but they’re also the keep er of the customer relationship. a major part of this job is cultivating relationships, and providing stellar service to keep those relationships going. exact duties and responsibilities vary depending on which industry you’re in, but once you have the skill set, it’s highly adaptable throughout many industries.the pay: median salary of $ $75,666, or $36.37 per hour.the requirements: high school diploma or equivalent.the outlook: this field is expected to grow by at least 9% by 2024.sales reps are also needed nationwide, and the career is on the upswing.  search for sales representative jobs in your area of the country!  all of these industries are expected to grow in 2017, which offers great opportunity. if you’re looking to change jobs, or are just starting out, you don’t need to be scared away by listings that have a degree as the minimum barrier to entry. you have lots of opportunities open to you- you just need to come up with a plan of attack, a nd seize them